Contrary to commonly held views, no gorilla, polar bear, rhino, elephant, tiger, panda, or chimpanzee born at a zoo will ever be released to the wild.
The history of zoos is rooted in the archaic practice of poaching animals from other countries to be gawked at by those who have never seen or heard of certain species. The first zoos—called "menageries"—were started by wealthy individuals to highlight their status. The current model of zoos was established in the 18th century—the Age of Enlightenment—as a way to study animals, not conserve their species—but today's focus is much more on entertainment than education. Far from increasing public interest in wildlife conservation, for generations, zoos and aquariums have embodied the anthropocentric manipulation of the natural world that lies behind habitat destruction and species extinction.
Over the past fifty years, the world has decimated 68% of its wildlife population. There are an estimated 15,000 animal species currently listed as endangered or threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). If zoos were truly in existence for conservation purposes, one would expect this number to be considerably lower. Most animals held captive in zoos are not endangered or threatened in the wild. An evaluation of 13 of "the most progressive zoos" found that the zoos kept only 3.5% of all animal species assessed for inclusion on the IUCN Red List and kept nearly twice as many animal species of "least concern" (62%) as they kept animal species that are threatened (25%).
Even with some endangered species in their care, zoos don't spend much time preparing animals for release in the wild. Captive-bred animals generally lack the survival skills necessary to be released into the wild and often have developed such severe zoochosis—psychological trauma brought on by captivity—that they would not survive.
Contrary to commonly held views, no gorilla, polar bear, rhino, elephant, tiger, panda, or chimpanzee born at a zoo will ever be released to the wild. In fact, some wild animals have been poached from the wild en masse for a lifetime of captivity in zoos to fill their quota of animals people want to see. As recently as 2019, zoos in China and the United States both petitioned for dozens of wild-caught African elephants to be imported.
Captive animals also don't get to choose their mates as they would in the wild. Instead, they are often artificially inseminated so that their young can be sold or traded to other zoos. This often results in miscarriages, death at or shortly after birth, or the mother's rejection of her young. In some instances, newborn animals must be removed from the mother's enclosure or risk being killed by her. The constant breeding of animals in zoos leads to "surplus" animals, or those who are too closely related to other animals in breeding programs. The killing and public dissection of Marius the giraffe in 2014 showed the world how callously zoos treat animals that are surplus to their breeding or space requirements.
The only way to any meaningful wildlife conservation is in-situ, which means "in the original place." This means spending money protecting animals in the wild from poaching, habitat destruction, and being exploited for entertainment or sold as exotic pets. A fraction of the Houston Zoo's $150 million refurbishment cost could pay for off-road vehicles, park ranger training, and anti-poaching patrols in some of those areas where animals are most at risk.
Many zoos will proudly advertise the amount they give to in-situ conservation efforts, but a close examination of those figures often reveals that the sums are paltry and just barely enough to be able to pretend to the public that the cost of their ticket is justified. For example, World Animal Protection's 2019 report, Behind the Smile, noted that the SeaWorld and the Busch Garden Conservation Fund claims to have donated over $17 million to conservation causes since 2003. Relative to their size, this impressively-large-sounding figure represents just 3.2% of annual profit and 0.16% of annual revenue. Simply put: zoos are entertainment venues first and foremost, with conservation efforts a mere marketing tool used to hoodwink visitors for profits.
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